Influence
Part 10  The Offense Codex
Chapter 288 of 360

Law 18 — Own the Vocabulary and You Own the Verdict

Own the vocabulary and you own the verdict.

The Office of Legal Counsel memoranda of 1 August 2002, signed by Jay Bybee and drafted substantially by John Yoo, are the clearest documented instance of this law in a modern legal system.

The memoranda addressed whether specified interrogation practices constituted torture under the federal statute implementing the Convention Against Torture. They concluded that for physical pain to qualify it must be equivalent in intensity to the pain accompanying serious physical injury such as organ failure, impairment of bodily function, or even death, and that mental harm must result in significant psychological harm of significant duration, lasting for months or even years.

That reading was later withdrawn by the OLC itself in 2004. What survived it was a phrase.

Enhanced interrogation techniques is the operative artifact, and it does two things simultaneously. It suppresses the affective response, which is Bandura's sanitizing language: an abstract Latinate compound generates no mental image, and no image means no emotional tag. And it relocates the act into a new category with different entailments — an enhanced technique is a matter of policy calibration, and torture is a crime.

Lakoff's framing work supplies the second half: once a term is entrenched, it structures the inference that follows. Debate about whether enhanced interrogation is effective is a different debate from whether torture is effective, and both sides of the first have already conceded something.

The operational instruction is that the noun is the argument, and that it should be fixed before the discussion begins. Collateral damage, rendition, workforce optimization, right-sizing, involuntary separation, revenue enhancement, and — chapter 78's case — special treatment.

The boundary is where the renaming makes an unlawful act discussable as a lawful one. That is not a rhetorical judgment; the Senate Select Committee's 2014 study describes practices including waterboarding, sleep deprivation for up to a week, and stress positions, and the vocabulary is what allowed them to be authorized in writing by lawyers.

The general form of the boundary is this: a euphemism used to spare someone's feelings is courtesy, and a euphemism used to make an act performable by people who would otherwise refuse is the mechanism of chapter 76.

The counter is translation. Rewrite the sentence with concrete nouns and a named agent, and measure the difference.

The case

The US Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel memoranda of 1 August 2002 (the ‘Torture Memos’ by John Yoo and Jay Bybee) which reclassified interrogation practices under the euphemism ‘enhanced interrogation techniques’, later documented by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report.

The mechanism

Euphemism suppresses the affective tag attached to a concept: substituting a bureaucratic label reduces emotional and moral salience, so acts that would trigger disgust are processed as procedure — the moral disengagement mechanism Albert Bandura called ‘sanitizing language’. Renaming also relocates the act into a new legal category, and George Lakoff’s framing research shows that the entrenched term structures inference thereafter. Whoever controls the noun controls the analysis that follows.

What this chapter covers

  1. Rename the act and the judgment changes
  2. Bandura’s sanitizing language enables moral disengagement
  3. OLC memos, 1 August 2002
  4. Practitioners process atrocity as procedure
  5. Boundary: euphemism laundered torture into policy

Countered by Name the Device